Inflation is a money eater that reduces your purchasing power. For instance if the average rate of inflation is 8%, you need to make sure that your investments are earning a minimum of 8% or more, post-tax. Let us assume an investment portfolio of Rs. 1, 00,000, earning returns at 10% and inflation at 8%. The returns in this case would be Rs. 10,000 gross annually, with the net after income tax Rs. 7000 (Assuming you are in the highest tax bracket of 30%). Now if you account for the 8% inflation specified (8000, or 8% of Rs. 100,000), you are left with Rs. -1000 (Return of 7000 minus inflation of 8000)! The best way to grow a retirement corpus is to have a diversified investment portfolio according to the asset allocation designed for your risk profile. An ideal one would be 40% equity (blue chip), 50% debt, 5% gold, and 5% cash. Equity would help appreciate the retirement corpus. Debt investments would provide for regular income and gold would act as a hedge to inflation and equity turmoil. The recent equity market downturn was the perfect example for gold to stand out as a surge. Selective equity investments made for the long term are more often than not investments with high returns.

Equity: Do not sell blue chip stocks when the value increases. This should not be done when you planning for retirement. These stocks provide for the regular incomes by the way of dividends. At the same time if the dividends paid by the companies increase, it will reflect positively on the stock price too. The most crucial aspect that we never consider in an investment is the dividend that companies pay. We always look at just the capital appreciation. Dividend income in India is tax-free. The dividend payouts by all good companies grow proportionate to the growth in the net profit. It means that if you stay invested, your equity dividend income will keep growing year after year, compounded. If you think that the return on your capital is tiny compared to your investments, just be patient and watch out for a few years. Lets assume that your company’s dividend payout grows 20% year on year, in 10 years your dividend income will jump by more than 6 times and in 20 years it will go up by nearly 40 times. And if you consider the occupational windfall gains like rights and bonus issues, your dividend income goes up in compounding multiples over a period of time.

Your Investments should perform better than the market: Is it easy? Yes quite possible. The Bombay Stock Exchange has approximately 3000 shares listed on it but its index, the Sensex, is a weighted average representation of just 30 stocks. So, if the Sensex falls it is an indication that the heavy weights from the 30 stocks fell; not all the 3000 stocks. If your investment portfolio is to beat the Sensex, they will need to have a Beta more than 1. The Beta is a measure of sensitivity of a scrip movement relative to the movement of the benchmark index (in this case, the Sensex). A Beta of 1 means that for every 1% change in the index, your scrip moves by 1%. The caution here is that when you have a Beta of more than 1, your investments will also fall faster than the Sensex fall. Investments in stocks can be very rewarding but with high risk.

If you lack knowledge let mutual funds take care of it: I believe most of you investors who lack knowledge should rely on mutual funds, not individual common stocks. This is not because I think your performance will not be better; rather I think it will be easier for you to operate and will allow less potential for a catastrophe. Investments in mutual funds are managed by professionals who understand and study all the critical aspects before investing your money. This will help in proper diversification, but be sure of you choosing the right scheme to invest in as per your risk profile and aspirations.

Let your debt investments comprise of Government securities and highly-rated bonds (AAA): The most important component in a diversified portfolio is investment-grade fixed income. High-grade bonds and full-faith-and-credit-pledge government securities are the most reliable fixed-income counter balancers.

The balance between debt and equities is a function of (1) your age - the younger you are, the larger your equities percentage; (2) your financial resources; and (3) your need for current income. No two investors have exactly the same risk/reward profile.

Once your debt investments are in place, you need to make adjustments and additions from time to time depending on your changing needs and available new cash for investment. But you should keep rebalancing the portfolio according to your asset allocation strategy once a year.

Biggest mistake is investing based on events: You should never make investment decisions reacting to short term economic indicators or performance. You should build long-term wealth by investing in good companies with strong balance sheets and a history of paying and increasing dividends, and then you remain patient. You don’t jump in and out of stocks based on quarterly earnings reports. Base your investment program on business cycle trends, not market noise created by events.

You should not make many changes to your portfolio in the course of an average year. You should add money to some positions and tinker with others. You should not run from one idea to the next each time the economic wind changes direction.

I would like to urge all the investors reading this to begin weeding out your portfolio’s deadwood. Simplify and organize your investing, and practice the basic rules. As you start to see the profits rolling your way, you’ll be glad that you took the time to read this article to lay a solid investment foundation.

Kirtan Shah is a partner at AmbestinQ Consultancy Services.

It is said that “If we all perform our duties meticulously then we are surely on the path of prosperity.” Every individual should be aware about his or her duties towards family members, relatives, friends, and society. In addition to social responsibilities, it is imperative that every individual should also have basic financial literacy.

To take the fist step towards financial literacy, following is a financial check list that you should prepare in consultation with your family members and professionals. This activity will make you more aware about your personal finance documents and will get you motivated towards knowing more about your finances.

Preparing this document will go a long way in enhancing your financial literacy. Do make a resolution to sit with your family members this weekend itself and prepare this important document.

Priyesh Shah is Chief Financial Planner, working with SRE Financial Planners.

The equity markets were up with a bang. The bulls had a party and celebrations post Diwali festival. It is considered as a remarkable recovery from the bottom. Well, it seems difficult to talk about whether this bull party will last for a long time. Global economic issues have still not been resolved and how much of that it’s going to affect other emerging markets, including India, is difficult to predict. The markets are facing many negative news and higher volatility in the day-to-day sessions. It’s getting difficult for investors to take a position in these market conditions. This is where the straddle strategy will play a vital role for the investors to hedge the position and profit from it.

This strategy is built on the concept of call and put options. Let’s understand what these mean before going in-depth to understand straddle.

Call Options - A call option gives its holder the right to buy a specified number of shares of the underlying stock at a predetermined price (strike price) between the date of purchase and the option’s expiration date.

Example: An investor who bought an ABC December 1000 call option would have the right, but not the obligation, to buy 100 shares of ABC common stock at a cost of Rs. 1000 per share at any time before the option expires in December.

The right to purchase common stock at a fixed price becomes more valuable as the price of the underlying common stock increases in the bullish trend.

Put Options - A put gives the holder the right to sell a specified number of shares of the underlying common stock at a predetermined price (strike price) on or before the expiration date of the contract.

Example: An investor who bought an ABC December 1000 put option would have the right, but not the obligation, to sell 100 shares of ABC common stock at a cost of Rs. 1000 per share at any time before the option expires in December.

The right to sell common stock at a fixed price becomes more valuable as the price of the underlying common stock decreases in the bearish trend.

Now let’s understand how the straddle strategy operates for investors. Fundamentally, a straddle is the simultaneous purchase of a call and a put on the same stock, with the identical strike price (the price at which the holder can sell or buy from the writer of the option) and expiration month. Typically, the buyer of a straddle anticipates a substantial movement in a stock but is uncertain what the direction will be. Because the investor is betting on an extraordinary stock movement in this the volatile markets. The probability of profiting is good.

A straddle buyer risks losing only the amount of premium (the price that the buyer of an option pays and the writer of the option receives). The maximum loss occurs only if the price of the stock on the expiration date of the options is exactly equal to the strike price. Although it is difficult to lose the entire premium paid for the straddle, it also can be difficult to make a profit. Either the put or the call side of a straddle is almost certain to expire worthless. As, a result, the stock has to move substantially for a profit to be made. Considering the trend of last few trading sessions there were many intense moves for investor. Therefore, it’s considered one of the best strategies to bet on these volatile markets, where the swing in stock prices to different levels in multiple/one trading session gives the opportunity for investors to fill their bag full of profits.

Example:

An investor purchases both a put and a call on a stock, paying Rs. 250 for the call and Rs. 200 for the put. Therefore, the total premium cost would be Rs. 450. Suppose the underlying stock’s price is Rs. 3000 and the strike price of the options is Rs. 3000. If the price of the stock rises above Rs. 3450 or drops below Rs. 2550, the investor will make a profit. Only if the stock expires at a strike price of Rs. 3000 will the investor lose the entire investment. The investor loses only part of the investment at any other price between Rs. 2550 and Rs. 3450.

The investor earns a profit if the stock sells at a price exceeding Rs. 3450 or drops to less than Rs. 2550. If the stock rises to Rs. 3750 per share and the investor exercises the call at Rs. 3000, the investors profit is Rs. 300 (Rs. 750 - Rs. 450 premium). Alternatively, if the stock drops to Rs. 2150 per share and the investor exercises his/her put at Rs. 3000, the profit is Rs. 400 (Rs. 850 - Rs. 450 premium). Thus, the investor is assured of a profit only if the stock moves by more than Rs. 450 in either direction.

The above strategy and example were discussed considering equity markets. This strategy is also useful to hedge a position on commodities in commodity market.

It took $500 billion in asset write-downs to bring the more than $13 trillion-dollar American economy to nearly a grinding halt with a list of casualties that would have been the envy of any asset manager in happier times. Bear Stearns, Lehman Bothers, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Merrill Lynch, and insurance big boy AIG. Naturally the American economy which lives on leverage (borrowing more than it earns) looks to be in a deep mess.

Since the economic liberalization in 1991, India has seen staggering GDP growth backed by relaxations in FII and FDI norms, catapulting the benchmark market index to 21000 levels in January 2008. The market is down nearly 50% and the mood remains apprehensive and pensive.
But despair is the time when true character is revealed, be it of any organization or individual - when pushed to the corner, its time for the champion boxer to take one more up his chin and still stand his ground.

Will India survive?

The point here is to know can there be a simple way for a small investor to instill confidence back on the street.

As markets across the globe are looking to pack their bags for a long time, in this entire mess one investor segment just might prove to be the saving grace: you and me. On 2nd April 2007, the BSE Sensex closed at 12455.37. on 31 March 2008 it stood at 15644.4, returning a cool 25.8%, year-on-year. RBI data for 2007-2008 suggested that only 10.5% of household savings found its way into the equity and debt markets amounting to Rs 77000 crore, the rest probably cooling its heels in the banks as currency or currency equivalents (Gold). This means that domestic households have matched the $15-17 billion brought in by FIIs for FY ‘08. Now with FIIs deciding to retreat and having already pulled out just over $9 billion from domestic markets since January ‘08, they would be rethinking about their equity allocation for India in the future. This makes way for a huge opportunity to Indian households who by increasing their share of investment in the domestic markets can hope to turn its tide as well as their own. As an individual investor, every incremental investment shall improve his/her long term (>1 year) returns. At the same time, incremental investment in gold would hedge him/her against any inflationary pressure and any unforeseen down turn.

50 million people in India are at present in the middle class category. This is expected to balloon to 583 million by 2025 according to a study by McKinsey & Co. This represents the real buying power. Even if we assume that these 50 million actually only save and their savings find their way into the banking system, imagine what a higher percentage of investment will do to the economy if they decide to flirt a bit more with the investments to savings ratio. We need to realize that FIIs are like mercenaries who will flee their camps first when the chips are down and that domestic investors are the real face of the investment community.

There is no doubt that credit cards are the most convenient mode of payment. If you use your credit card smartly, then you may shop your heart out as well pay the bill amount with ease.

“But how?” is the big question.

First and foremost, your income defines your shopping budget. Let say your monthly income is Rs 25000 and the total expenses are let’s say Rs. 15000 (including all your personal expenses). Now you have Rs. 10000 handy. Common sense will tell you that this is your shopping budget. You would be wrong - your shopping budget is exactly double your saved amount i.e. Rs 20000.

Let me further explain how you could do it.

Let’s assume your bill statement is dated the 5th of every month and your due date is the 25^th of every month. For instance, for the amount you shop on your credit card starting, say, the sixth of February, the due date will be the 25^th of March, not the 25^th of Feb! In the interim, you will receive another paycheck, that of March. This effectively means that you have the Rs. 10000 from February (the current month) and an identical amount from the next month’s salary to shop with.

Mind you, I am not recommending this as an idea for out-of-control shopping. I am only putting this idea across for anyone who would want to time their purchases so that they don’t end up paying a penny more than what they have spent on high credit card interest payments.

Things have been happening so suddenly. It was a while before I realized I am almost stuck in a trap (or at least to me it seemed to be so). I am not much of a savings person. I use my credit card a lot.

The only saving grace seems to be that I have taken no loans and I have no liability.
Otherwise I’d be stuck in a debt trap. With no way to know how to get myself out of it. Let’s just say that I am one of the “lucky” ones. What about those who are not so lucky? What can they do when in a debt trap?

One option is to go to a financial advisor or consultant. But, they can be expensive.
The better solution is to approach a credit counseling center. There are several credit counseling centers in cities across India.

Some banks also have own credit counseling centers too, such as the Bank of India-sponsored Abhay, at Dadar in Mumbai. This agency, the first of its kind, also has centers in Gumla (Jharkhand), Wardha, and Chennai.

ICICI Bank’s credit counseling centre, Disha has centers at Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Vijayawada, Kanpur, Delhi, Chennai, and Kolkata.

These centers will help you chart out a plan to repay your debts. You can swap your high cost borrowings for low cost debt. Interest rates may be bought down to as low as 18 per cent for levels such as 36 per cent in some cases.

These centers can also help you restructure the loan portfolios and formulate repayment plans. They may also help borrowers negotiate with banks for restructuring debts.

Here are the addresses:

• Abhay (Bank of India), 61 A, Sadanand, 1st Floor, Above Bank of India Branch, Gokhale Road (north), Dadar (West), Mumbai- 4000 028. Call 022-24221843.
• Disha (ICICI Bank), Prince Apartments, Ground Floor, Karani Lane, Ghatkopar (West), Mumbai 4000 028. Call 65971815/86/87. Visit www.dishfc.org
• Union Mitra (Union Bank of India), Union Bank Bhavan, 239, Vidhan Bhavan Marg, Nariman Point, Mumbai- 400021. Call 022-22896502.

By now it’s a known fact that we are in midst of unprecedented global turmoil. India is surely not insulated from whatever is happening around the globe. To add to that we have our own local problems like high inflation, subdued IIP numbers, which in turn have posed a big threat to our GDP growth. Stock markets are bound to react to whatever is happening around the globe and there is no surprise that our own stock index has shaved off almost 50% from its peak much in line with other indexes around the world. Such is the retail investor psyche that these same buyers who were queuing up to buy at 21,000 odd levels now shudder at even the thought of investing in the market!

The fear is well warranted considering the uncertainty we are facing.

I don’t know where this will end or how much more downside we can eye from here. Not because I am ignorant but only because it should not matter for me as a long-term investor in the equity markets. Notwithstanding all the macro and micro gloomy data points together with the uncertainty hovering around, the fact remains that the current turmoil gives an excellent opportunity for an Investor to build a long-term portfolio in equity markets.

Yes, I do agree a lot will depend on the quality of stocks we pick in the portfolio. But here again, remember that investing is simple. It is only as complicated as you make it. Considering the fact that we are almost trading at 2-year lows on the Index, this is an excellent opportunity for first-time investors to build fresh exposure in the equity market. It surely doesn’t get better than this.

So, where does one start??

The index has shaved off more than 50% from its peak dragging with it all the heavy weight stocks.

In times like these it is always advisable to start building exposure in the markets through the frontline stocks for the following reasons:

1. These are fundamentally good stocks, available at attractive valuations. Typically, during periods of panic, market players tend to over-do the concerns surrounding the stocks pushing the prices much below their intrinsic value.
2. Whenever there is a reversal of trend in the markets, these stocks will be the first to bounce from their lows giving a sharp recovery

How can you take exposure to these stocks?
There are various ways in which you can start building exposure to these front liners:

• Index Funds: Index funds (passively managed funds) from mutual funds could be a good option. These could be funds tracking a particular index (say Nifty or Sensex).

• Diversified Equity Funds: One can have exposure to diversified equity fund schemes of mutual funds, where the exposure could be towards the blend of mid & large-cap funds as per the schemes’ objectives. But please make sure you check the top 20 holdings of the scheme you are planning to invest in, as your objective is to be a part of the frontline stocks.

• Nifty BeES: Nifty BeES is the first ETF (Exchange Traded Fund) in India.

The investment objective of Nifty BeES is to provide investment returns that, closely correspond to the total returns of securities as represented by the S&P CNX Nifty. Typically value of Nifty BeES will be 1/10th value of the prevailing Nifty price (For example, if Nifty is currently trading at 3500, Nifty BeES could be available @ 350) and it can be bought and sold on the National Stock Exchange like a share. In short, you buy/sell the broad Indian market using just 1 scrip.

• Direct Equities: You can even directly buy the stocks form the market in a staggered manner, provided you fully understand the nitty-gritty of investing in equities. If you don’t possess the requisite expertise, simply turn to a professional money manager.

Whatever may be your mode of investing make sure you do some serious investing at these levels. If you feel jittery to invest the entire chunk, start investing at least 30-40% of your investible surplus in equities. And remember always, that best of the investments are always made in the worst of the times.

Kapil Mokashi is an Associate Financial Planner, working with Sharekhan Ltd. as an equity advisor.

Today, the equity market has been discounted by almost 50% from its peak. Investors are bearish to enter in this market. In the current scenario Indian equity markets are reacting with global cues. So, any positive cue of stabilization in global markets will start showing uptrend in our markets too. To take the advantage of this uptrend with minimum risk exposure in these scenario investors should follow the 90/10 strategy which will keep them in the loop. Now, there might be few questions rising in the mind of investors such as, what is 90/10 strategy? How they will be benefiting with this strategy?
Basically, the 90/10 strategy involves purchasing calls on the same number of shares of stock that would have been purchased outright, then investing the difference in a fixed income security such as government bonds. The name of the strategy is derived from the most common proportion in which the investments are allocated: 90 percent in government bonds and 10 percent in index or stock call options. This strategy is particularly appropriate for an investor who is not interested to risk his/her capital by investing in the stock market but wishes to participate in the growth of the stock market with limited risk exposure. Interest on the government bonds covers part of the possible loss on the calls. This strategy permits the investor to benefit from favorable stock price movements while limiting the downside risk to the call premium less any interest earned. It is particularly effective approach in periods of high interest rates because of greater interest income.

Example:
The common stock of ABC sells at Rs. 2000 per share. The purchase of 100 shares will cost Rs. 200,000. Let’s also assume that this investor’s upper limit on investment is Rs. 200,000.
Now, let’s assume that the stock call option’s strike price is fixed at Rs. 2000 per share, with a premium of Rs 200 per share. Therefore, if the investor wants to buy the hundred shares it would cost him/her just Rs. 20000. This, in turn, would leave him/her Rs. 180,000 to be invested in something safer, such as government bonds.
Suppose the government bonds mature in six months and earn 6 percent interest. The Rs. 180,000 would earn interest of Rs. 5400 (Rs. 1,80,000 x 0.06 x 6/12). This interest reduces the investor’s cost of the call to Rs. 14600 (Rs. 20000 - Rs. 5400). The Rs. 14600 also represents the investors maximum risk exposure compared to the Rs. 200,000 cost if the 100 shares were purchased outright.
The beauty of this strategy is that although the risk is limited, the potential capital appreciation is not. Once the market price of ABC increases beyond the strike price, the call buyer could realize the same rupee appreciation at expiration as that of an investor who owns 100 shares of the common stock. Therefore, this strategy limits risk to the net cost of the call while still enabling investors to realize capital appreciation.

Microsoft Excel is a wonderful tool. Even a tech dummy like me recognizes this.
In the hands of a semi-educated financial planner/advisor the tool is lethal.
At the turn of the millennium, “analysts” used Excel to extol Infosys and its growth at over 100% compounded annually. I am an unabashed Infy fan, but I could not imagine Infosys being bigger than the rest of India, which it would have been at that growth rate. Logic and economics combined to tell me that that would be impossible. I now have no Infosys on my portfolio, but will surely buy when I like the price.
Planners use their financial calculators and Excel to drag columns and rows to tell you what you will earn, need at retirement, how much you can spend and the like. The parameters are extrapolated to show a fixed rate of increments, returns and inflation. This is stupid, because life and economics has little respect for the Excel drag function. Inflation and deflation can follow each other before one realizes it. One does not die as one plans, or hopes. Real life takes a break from Excel!
Magazines and papers are full of advice for government employees about to receive their increments and arrears. Of all the template material that masquerades as the best thing to do, I find the home loan pre-payment suggestion hardest to digest.

Should you pre-pay your home loan?

As I mentioned, a popular bit of advice I read on many papers and a few magazines is on handling your bonus and increments. They ask you to use most of the money to pre-pay your mortgage (home loan), considering the high and rising interest rates.
Let me use a personal and very real example - my mortgage has risen from 7.5% to 13.25% (mine is the costliest bank lender). This is terrifying. Still, if I ignored the 80C benefit on payment of the loan principal (I have nothing left of the Rs. 1 lakh after Life Insurance premia and PPF), my cost on the loan is 8.75% considering the tax at 33.99% being the top of the bracket, inclusive of surcharge and cess. The will be a lot higher for those who avail of the 80C on home loan EMIs paid and lower for those in a lower tax bracket. The principle does not change under either of these circumstances. My surplus invested in a 375-day FMP during March at 10.25% would be over 10% post-tax in the growth option, considering double indexation. The 6 month FMP I invested in last week at 11.75% will fetch me 10.08% post tax in the dividend option.
Simple commonsense, which makes up most economics, tells me that cash is a nice thing to have - I might use the FMP maturity or any surplus in more attractive investments, if I can get them, while a prepaid home loan is cash permanently with the bank. Vitally at times of turmoil and uncertainty it is good to increase the amount of liquidity one has for contingencies
I also make more money in the process; every Rs. 1 lakh not prepaid fetching me an annual surplus of at least Rs. 1,250.

Naveen Fernandes is a Certified Financial Planner and Vice-president, Orbis Financial Corporation Ltd, Mumbai. Orbis Financial is a SEBI-approved custodian.

Markets have really choppy for quite some time now. The largest of the investment banks across the globe are shutting down or writing off huge losses. Recently I got an SMS from one of my friends on analysis of the balance sheets of various investment banks globally:

There is nothing left on the right hand side and nothing right on the left hand side of the balance sheet of investment banks.

At this point of time, the biggest question for you as an investor is to what to do with your savings. Put it in to the equity markets where you not sure if you can ever see your money back or search for some other alternatives to park your surplus funds. Banks are giving out good returns of around 9 to 10 per cent annually for fixed deposits (FDs). The returns offered by them are completely risk-free. But the biggest problem they face is tax deductions. Returns on FDs are subject to tax deduction of 33.66 per cent at source. So effectively a return of 10 per cent would gradually come down to 6.63 per cent. Looking at the current inflation numbers which are not willing to come below double digits, a return of 6.63 per cent is nothing but eroding wealth in long term.

At this point of time Fixed Maturity Plans (FMP) have come as true saviors. FMPs are very similar to FDs in structure. The only major difference in the structure of FMPs and FDs is that in case of FDs the returns are guaranteed, but in case of FMPs, the returns are indicative.

FMPs usually invest in certificate of deposits (CDs), commercial paper (CPs), money market instruments, corporate bonds and even in bank deposits. The tenure of the FMPs can vary from 30 days to 3 years. Depending on the tenure of the scheme, the fund manager invests the money collected in to a mix of all the instruments mentioned above. The expense ratio for the same is also quite low which varies from 0.25 per cent to 1 per cent. The indicative yield is generally, the yield minus the expense ratio.

Generally, the fund house has a specified amount which it looks to collect during the new fund offer (NFO) of the FMP which is open for generally 2 to 3 days. The fund house ties up with many borrowers informally before the scheme opens. Based on the interest rates paid to them by the borrowers they calculate the indicative yields.

The main difference other than structure of the products comes on the tax treatment of FMPs. In the dividend option, investors have to bear the Dividend Distribution Tax which is 14.025 per cent in case of individuals and Hindu Undivided Family, and 22.44 per cent for corporate customers. In the growth option, the returns earned are treated as capital gains considered short-term if less than one year and long-term if the tenure is more than one year. In case of short-term capital gains, the interest income is added to your income and taxed at the marginal rate of tax.

For long-term capital gains, the tax liability is calculated using two methods, with and without indexation. Indexation is a technique where inflation doesn’t erode the real value of the investments. This is generally done to maintain the purchasing power parity of investors. Due to the indexation benefit on FMPs, they manage to give more tax efficient returns compared to FDs. For example, if the return on FMP is 10 per cent for a year. Then the post-tax return for the same would not be less than 8 percent considering the effect of indexation. Even without taking the benefit of indexation, the returns would be in a range of 7.5 to 7.6 per cent which is fairly higher than what is offered by FDs.

These schemes are not advertised heavily as the brokerage is too low. Thus, keeping track of new fund offers of FMPs is really a tough job. You need to really be after the brokers for information on open FMPs in the markets or keep track of them on the Internet. However, at any given time, there are many FMPs open with varying maturity. So searching out an FMP for a desirable tenure is not that a tough job. And looking at the kind of return, the FMPs are worth that effort.